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This work recovers the intellectual trajectory of Marta Elena Samatan, in the first half of the twentieth century, who from the Santa Fe schoolteaching began a trade union itinerary crossed by the international teaching conventions of the late 1920s and early 1930s. She was a key agent and first president of the Santa Fe teacher's union association, also fundamental within the political-cultural extensionism of the Universidad Nacional del Litoral, organizer and supporter of the Santa Fe subsidiary of the Unión Argentina de Mujeres, among other bets. In each space that he wrote and/or participated, he knew how to weave links crossed by a renewing education and social transformation, assuming anti-imperialist, anti-fascist and feminist positions and actions. ; Este trabajo recupera la trayectoria intelectual de Marta Elena Samatan, en la primera mitad del siglo XX, quien desde el Magisterio santafesino inicio un itinerario gremialista atravesado por las convenciones internacionales docentes de fines de la década de 1920 y principios de 1930. Fue una agente clave y primera presidenta de la asociación gremial docente santafesina, fundamental también dentro del extensionismo político-cultural de la Universidad Nacional del Litoral, organizadora y sostenedora de la filial santafesina de la Unión Argentina de Mujeres, entre otras apuestas. En cada espacio de los que participó, articuló vínculos atravesados por una educación renovadora y de transformación social, asumiendo posiciones y acciones antiimperialistas, antifascistas y feministas.

s a practicing statistician, we frequently are asked questions like: What is the role of statistics in our daily life? Why do we need statistics? What would the world be without statistics? Here are some of my thoughts on these and related matters. Statistics is an ancient tool which has been useful in solving problems of interest and understanding the world we live in. Until recently, say 60 years ago, in Latin America there was the wrong perception that statistics was an exoteric field that did not relate well to the needs of our society. Also, it was incorrectly thought that statistics was a branch of mathematics of interest only to people in academia. Fortunately, the perception is changing. These days, we find more and more people interested on how and where one could use statistics to the advantage of government, business, sciences, and day to day affairs. Careers and training in statistics are becoming more common in our universities, and statisticians are beginning to play an important role in our society. Statistics derives its power from the positive impact that it can have when it interacts with other fields like science, business, government, services, and research in general. There are numerous well documented reports for the interdisciplinary added value due to the use of statistics. The reports are on a wide range of applications from Physics (see, Mahon, B. "How Science Got Statistics", Significance, June 2015) to improving the quality of beer (see, https:// en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Sealy_Gosset). For a very interesting collection of applications in México, see http://www. mundoestadisticacimat.mx/videos. In principle the idea is to use statistics to make decisions based on uncertainty and limited information. The first hurdle to overcome is to agree to the concept that basically there are no predictable or repeatable processes. That variability is inherent on whatever we observe, measure, or manufacture. Also, to understand that it is unrealistic to expect a complete control of variability, if at all possible, at a reasonable cost. In making decisions under uncertainty there are important considerations: The risk in simplistic terms is function of the probability that the decision is incorrect and the cost due to the incorrect decision. If the risk is too high, it might be the case that we should not assume the risk or take action to decrease the probability or cost (or both) of an incorrect decision. Related, suppose that there is a business decision which carries minor lasting economic repercussions in case of failure, other than the cost of implementing it, but with great competitive advantages if it succeeds. The business opportunity is a function of the probability of a successful decision and the benefits derived from this decision. If the investment to try the new venture is low as compared to potential business opportunity, why not try? In either case, getting a good estimate of the probability of an incorrect (or correct) decision is in the realm of work where good statistics combined with subject matter is paramount. Interestingly, statistics thrives in moments of crisis. The need of quick response or understanding of undesirable events has shown the important role of statistics in those decision making situations. A few documented cases that come to mind are: the important work of statisticians in breaking the Enigma code and the developing of the A-bomb during World War II, the role of statistics in understanding the problem and finding adequate treatments for HIV patients since this epidemiologic crisis emerged in the 1980s, understanding the root cause for the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster in 1986, and the work of statisticians in the non-destructive evaluation area caused by the current terrorist attacks. Of course, all these examples are high end applications, but statistics is being used today for more mundane purposes like: what is the remaining life of the battery of a pacemaker that a patient has worn for a certain period of time or how to identify those students in their first college year with the highest probability of abandoning their college education. Another important trait of statistics is its evolving nature. It is a field in the making in the sense that the field is driven by change and innovations (i.e., the discipline grows due to the needs of new problems to solve). We have the challenge and opportunity of forging and building statistical curricula that is useful for our future graduates. Where should we start? This is subject to debate. I am of the opinion that it should be started at the high school level at the latest, but by all means all college students should be exposed to some type of statistics education. Not everybody needs to be a practicing statistician, but at the very minimum, individuals in decision making positions should know when to use statistics or when to bring in statisticians into the decision making process. Paraphrasing A. Gelman, what would be "A world without statistics?" Well, the world most likely would have not disappeared, but we would not understand it so well, it would not be as confortable, and the quality of life would not be as good. Finally, for young generations interested in jobs for the future, the track record of statistics in other countries anticipates that in Latin America statistics would be a promising career with good job security, competitive salaries, and friendly working environments.

The multinational corporation, which has been active, powerful and highly evident for some time, is coming under ever more careful scrutiny. The multinational corporation (MNC) and transnational investment are very big business. The size creates problems of its own. But when business gets as big as the MNCs, it is not only business; it extends its influence into other realms of our social life. It is not surprising, then, that there has been increasing pressure for some kind of international rules or regulations.In January of last year, for example, the Institute for International and Foreign Trade Law of Georgetown University, in collaboration witli its sister institute of Germany, organized a very well-attended conference in Diisseldorf on International Organization for Investment. Before and after that conference there was active debate on the subject, but for some time the papers discussed there will probably be the most quoted reference material on the matter. (The papers and conclusions are to lie published by Praeger.)

The work is structured around the trajectories of the Spanish exiles Francisco Ayala and José Medina Echavarrí­a in Latin America during the period 1939-1949, in order to show the role they played in the incorporation and/or rereading of some fundamental authors of the Germanic and Anglo-Saxon sociology tradition, in particular: Karl Mannheim, Max Weber, Ferdinand Tí¶nnies and John Dewey. Following the exchanges of the Spanish sociologists, one in Mexico and the other one in Buenos Aires, the continuity of their relationship at a distance is highlighted, as well as their role, edition of books and circulation within the academic-intellectual spaces and the editorial and cultural field. Also observed is a network of correspondence, acclimatization and incorporation of intellectual and politicalconcerns, of products and projects of sociologists to form a corridor between Mexico and Buenos Aires, that in turn branches out according to the spaces and agents to which they relate. Then, based on this tracing of the intellectual trajectories and the network that connects them, the contribution of these two Spanish exiles in the process of the disciplinary renewal of sociology in the region is addressed ; El trabajo se articula alrededor de las trayectorias de los exiliados españoles Francisco Ayala y José Medina Echavarrí­a en el periodo 1939-1949 en Latinoamérica, a fin de mostrar el papel que jugaron en la incorporación y/o relectura de algunos autores fundamentales de la tradición sociológica germánica y anglosajona, en particular de Karl Mannheim, Max Weber, Ferdinand Tí¶nnies y John Dewey. Siguiendo los intercambios de los sociólogos españoles, uno en México y otro en Buenos Aires, se destacan las continuidades de una relación a la distancia, así­ como el rol y las apuestas de ambos en la edición de libros y circulación dentro de los espacios académico-intelectuales, el campo editorial y cultural. Se observa, asimismo, una red vincular de correspondencias, aclimatación e incorporación de preocupaciones intelectuales y polí­ticas, de productos y proyectos de los sociólogos que va conformando un corredor entre México y Buenos Aires, y, a su vez, este se ramifica de acuerdo a los espacios y agentes con que uno y otro se relacionan. Entonces, desde estos trazos de las trayectorias intelectuales y su red vincular, se aborda el aporte de estos dos exiliados españoles en el proceso de renovación disciplinar de la sociologí­a en la región. ; O trabalho é estruturado em torno das trajetórias dos exilados espanhóis Francisco Ayala e José Medina Echavarrí­a no perí­odo de 1939-1949 na América Latina, a fim de mostrar o papel que tiveram na incorporação e/ou releitura de alguns autores fundamentais da tradição sociológica germânica e anglo-saxí´nica, em particular Karl Mannheim, Max Weber, Ferdinand Tí¶nnies e John Dewey. Seguindo os intercâmbios dos sociólogos espanhóis, um no México e outro em Buenos Aires, destaca-se a continuidade de uma relação à distância, assim como o papel e as apostas de ambos na edição de livros e na circulação dentro dos espaços acadêmico-intelectuais e nos campos editorial e cultural. Observa-se também uma rede de correspondência que os vincula, além da aclimatação e incorporação de preocupações intelectuais e polí­ticas, de produtos e projetos dos sociólogos que formam um corredor entre o México e Buenos Aires, e que, por sua vez, se ramifica de acordo com os espaços e agentes com os quais um e outro se relacionam. Então, a partir destes traços das trajetórias intelectuais e de sua rede de ví­nculos, é abordada a contribuição destes dois exilados espanhóis no processo de renovação disciplinar da sociologia na região.

[Luis de Escobar]. Durch Den Hochwürdigen Herrn Antonivm de Gvevarra, &c. Bischoffen zu Mondonedo . in Hispanischer Sprachen vnd Reymen außgangen. Anjetzo aber durch Aegidivm Albertinvm . Verteutscht vnd . Iohanni Nablas . dedicirt ; Wirkl. Verf. ermittelt in: Dünnhaupt. - Antonio de Guevarra ist angebl. Verf. - Bibliogr. Nachweis: VD17 23:253375R und Dünnhaupt S. 211, 20.1. - Paginierfehler: Bl. Ff (112 statt 113), Ii2 (124 statt 125, i.e. 126), Mm (134 statt 135, i.e. 137) und Eee4 (199 statt 201, i.e. 204). - Titelbl. in Rot- und Schwarzdr. ; Volltext // Exemplar mit der Signatur: Augsburg, Staats- und Stadtbibliothek -- 4 Th Pr 714#(Beibd. 2

Summary of various studies have described patterns of expression of time in terms of space that distinguish the languages of the world. While expressions such as 'letting the past behind' show a common pattern of languages such as English and Spanish, other languages, such as aymara and mandarin Chinese, may express the past at the front or above, respectively. However, looking at the scope of these patterns in greater detail, it is also clear that gestuality and language are complementary components of language and do not serve the same communication purposes. While a speaker can express orally that a future event is in front of him, he can by gestually locate it to his right. In this study we describe the gestuality involved in temporal expressions in Spanish, showing how the characterisation of languages according to their different temperpospatial reference frameworks does not adequately describe the resources observed in communication interactions. Speakers, apart from some words spoken and, more often, of the written language, do not reproduce EL PASADO ATRÁS patterns in a conversation and, on the other hand, teach events in different parts of the space, in accordance with their perception and representation: the position of its interlocutor, the representation of spatial relations and, in general, keys to the perceptual characteristics of the event. The results of this study coincide with other work starting from a perspective that conceptual representations on time and space are not unique and fixed, but multiple and emerging, responding to different contexts of interaction. There is a different view of gestuality, according to which its role in language is the expression of perceptual, iconic or metapholic information, which is only occasionally involved in the linguistic coding of time. ; Resumen Diversos estudios han descrito patrones de expresión del tiempo en términos del espacio que distinguen a las lenguas del mundo. Mientras que expresiones como 'deja el pasado atrás' muestran un patrón común a ...

RESUMEN: El reconocimiento político de los derechos de las minorías étnicas implicó la emergencia de una multiplicidad de propuestas formativas para los y las docentes en estos contextos de mayoría afrodescendiente. La tesis de la escuela como lugar de desencuentro intercultural que desarrolla el artículo, surge a partir de las reflexiones que se dieron en una de estas propuestas de formación en Investigación Educativa con docentes de los municipios de Vigía del Fuerte y Murindó, en el Urabá antioqueño. ; ABSTARCT: Political recognition of the ethnical minority rights implied the emergence of a multiplicity of educational proposals towards to the teachers in these contexts, mainly afro-descendant. The thesis of the school as a place for intercultural non-encounter that is developed by this article, comes up from the reflections that were given in one of the proposals of education in Educational Research with teachers of the municipalities of Vigia del Fuerte y Murindo, in Uraba Antioqueño.